Practical Primer on the UVa Target

Overview

Our Dynamically Nuclear Polarized Target can provide greater than 90% proton polarization in a irradiated ammonia target sample in a 5T magnetic field and at around 1K. The basic operating principle involves leveraging the spin-spin coupling of a free electron in our material to the proton we wish to polarize. In a magnetic field, the spin-spin coupling results in a hyper-fine splitting, as seen in the diagram to the right.

Using microwaves of wavelengths corresponding to the energy gaps, transitions can be induced to flip the spin of the proton along with the spin of the electron. As in the example of the diagram, the (down,down) state can be flipped to the (up,up) aligned state, but by changing the microwave frequency it is also possible to flip the (down,up) state to the (up,down) state, thereby anti-aligning the proton without changing the magnetic field.

Since the relaxation time of the electron at 1K is on the order of milliseconds, compared to proton's tens of minutes, the same electron can be used to polarize many protons. The proton polarization travels away from the immediate vicinity of the free electrons via spin diffusion.

Thermal Equilibrium Polarization

The starting point for our technique is quite simple, but still crucial to the operation of the target. By placing our material in a high magnetic field B and at low temperature T, we can expect from Boltzmann statistics that our polarization when the material reaches thermal equilibrium should be:

If we assume a 5T field and 1K temperature, comes out to a proton polarization of around 0.3%. But we notice for electrons, whose magnetic moment is 660 times that of the proton, we have near 100% polarization.

While 0.3% proton polarization is obviously not practical, this starting point will provide a crucial point of calibration as we attempt to measure the polarization with NMR.

Dynamic Nuclear Polarization

To produce high proton polarization, we use the technique of Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP), which was briefly outline in the overview. There are 5 basic ingredients which go into this technique: a high magnetic field, a low temperature, a microwave system, an NMR system, and a suitable target material. We will briefly walk through these 5 building blocks, and what systems are necessary to provide them in the experimental hall.